L E G M O U N T A I N

A hypercube is a mathematical object in more than three dimensions.

Similar to the cube in that each two-dimensional surface of

the object is a square. It is a generalisation of a cube in more

than three dimensions.

 
A single point can be considered as a zero dimensional
cube, two points joined by a line are a one
dimensional cube, four points arranged in a square are
 a two dimensional cube and eight points or nodes are an ordinary
 three dimensional cube.  Continuing this geometric
 progression, the first hypercube has 16 nodes and is a
 four dimensional shape (as above and
 bearing in mind we cannot actually “see” in four dimensions)

A salt mine in Altaussee, with slides down into the heart of the mountain on two miners’ slides: directly to the subterranean salt lake, hidden art - which culminates in the most epic of installations.

Called ‘The Mountain of Treasures’: The salt of Salzwelten has provided the wealth of the Salzkammergut region; it has been found there for nearly 800 years. Altaussee Salt Mines also have a more recent dramatic history as a Treasury of Art. During World War II, thousands of works of art were hidden here. Although seemingly well protected, they escaped destruction by a narrow margin. Now they are back at the museums and churches where they belong.

Photos - Jayne Helliwell | Nevine Mahmoud

 Quarks combine to form hadrons, the best known of which are protons and neutrons, which make up the nucleus of an atom. As far as we know, these here are the smallest particles you can get:The different types of quarks are called “flavours” : up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. For every quark flavour there is an antiparticle, same magnitude opposite charge, an anti-quark, as you do.Here is Murray Gell-Mann receiving the nobel prize:Especially for nevine:

The first computer generated imagery. From 1952 onwards  B F Laposky. Oscillons 1952-56

LENTICULAR CLOUDS

(spot the real U.F.O)

welsh alien/beach maintenance

“Automatic Camera situated 7 miles from blast with 10 foot lens. Shutter speed equaled 1/1000,000,000 of-a-second exposure.” Early instances of an atomic explosion.

The photos are by Harold Edgerton aka “Papa Flash” who is famed for using Stroboscopic photography to photograph discrete instances of the everyday - balloons bursting, divers diving into pools, milk drops. These photos were taken using another of Edgerton’s inventions, the Rapatronic camera - capable of taking photographs with exposure times of 10 nanoseconds and are far from everday occurences. 

Since they evolved trees have had a great influence on the shaping of the ecology of our planet and in determining the present arrangements of life on earth. Of particular importance for us has been the role of trees in the evolution of mankind and the development of human cultures and communities.

The origins of man

Some 65 million years ago, just after the demise of the dinosaurs, a small rat-like species of mammal (now known as a prosimian) left the ground and took to life in the trees. Eventually after 50 million years had passed, this creature returned to the ground as the ancestor of man.

The period spent in the environment of the trees was of great formative importance because it promoted many physical changes. These changes included a massive increase in body size, the development of paws into hands and 3D colour vision. The physical changes were mapped by an increase in the size and the capability of the brain. Thus prosimian developed into simian.

The increase in stature led to changes in posture which enabled some simians to stand upright. Eventually one of these species was able to walk on two legs.

It was these changes which led to the descent from the trees and eventually to homo sapiens. So it can be seen that without trees the evolution of prosimian into man would never have taken place. Without trees we would not be here.

The development of human civilization

The development of civilization has been dependent on wood based technologies. Where would we be without such aspects of our culture as fire, agriculture, the wheel, the use of metals, spinning, weaving, water and land based transport, building, and printing? Our technological culture could not have developed without wood.

The wonder and the mystery

On many people trees exert a powerful emotional influence. To many of us a tree is a thing of spiritual sustenance and renewal. The tree is the embodiment of mankind’s condition: birth, life, death, regeneration and rebirth. The rising sap is the spirit of life and seeds and fruit are the symbols of fertility.

The importance of trees

Trees are the largest and longest living organisms on earth. To grow tall the tree has become a miracle of engineering and a complex chemical factory. It is able to take water and salts out of the earth and lift them up to the leaves, sometimes over 400 ft above. By means of photosynthesis the leaves combine the water and salts with carbon dioxide from the air to produce the nutrients which feed the tree. In this process, as well as wood, trees create many chemicals, seeds and fruit of great utility to man. Trees also remove carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, from the air.

Trees are of continued importance to the environment. Tropical rain forests have of particular significance; although they now occupy less than 6 per cent of the land surface of the earth they probable sustain more than half of the biological species on the planet.

Notwithstanding the debt we owe to trees, their emotive power, and their importance to other forms of life, the forested area of the earth is steadily being depleted. This is leading to the degradation of the environment and the extinction of many species. There is now a real danger that in the not very distant future man will destroy a large proportion of the present population of species on earth, create an uninhabitable environment, and then die out himself. If this happens it will not be the first time that a large proportion of the species on the earth have been extinguished. 

Image 1 - Hedi Slimane  | Image 2 - Sanford Wurmfield ‘E-Cyclorama‘ | Image 3 - Jaime Martinez | Image 4 - Emily Graham

Penguin books and their iconic covers have a place in history that merits study and appreciation. They have influenced generations of readers and played an important role in our cultural heritage. Over the years new cover designs have appeared, and in the 1950s a transition took place from typographical to pictorial covers. This was followed by the introduction of a radically new cover design in the 1960s, and the launch of a Penguin science fiction series with covers featuring reproductions of abstract and surrealist art.

taken by the rovers